Perlawanan sipil

Perlawanan sipil adalah suatu bentuk aksi politik yang mengandalkan penggunaan perlawanan tanpa kekerasan oleh orang-orang biasa untuk menantang kekuasaan, kekuatan, kebijakan atau rezim tertentu.^[1] Perlawanan sipil beroperasi melalui seruan kepada musuh, tekanan dan paksaan: ini dapat melibatkan upaya sistematis untuk merusak atau mengungkap sumber kekuatan musuh (atau pilar pendukung, seperti polisi, militer, pendeta, elit bisnis, dll.). Bentuk aksinya termasuk demonstrasi, berjaga-jaga dan petisi; pemogokan, pelambatan, boikot dan gerakan emigrasi; dan aksi duduk, pendudukan, program konstruktif, dan pembentukan lembaga pemerintahan paralel.

Beberapa motivasi gerakan perlawanan sipil untuk menghindari kekerasan umumnya terkait dengan konteks, termasuk nilai-nilai masyarakat dan pengalaman perang dan kekerasannya, daripada prinsip etis absolut apa pun. Kasus perlawanan sipil dapat ditemukan sepanjang sejarah dan dalam banyak perjuangan modern, melawan penguasa tirani dan pemerintah yang dipilih secara demokratis. Mahatma Gandhi memimpin kampanye perlawanan sipil pertama yang didokumentasikan (menggunakan tiga taktik utama: pembangkangan sipil, pawai, dan pembentukan institusi paralel) untuk membebaskan India dari imperialisme Inggris.^[2] Fenomena perlawanan sipil sering dikaitkan dengan pemajuan hak asasi manusia dan demokrasi.^[3]

^ Examples of the use of the term "civil resistance" include Erica Chenoweth and Maria J. Stephan, Why Civil Resistance Works: The Strategic Logic of Nonviolent Conflict, Columbia University Press, New York, 2011; Howard Clark, Civil Resistance in Kosovo, Pluto Press, London, 2000; Sharon Erickson Nepstad, Nonviolent Revolution: Civil Resistance in the Late 20th Century Diarsipkan 20 October 2012 di Wayback Machine., Oxford University Press, New York, 2011; Michael Randle, Civil Resistance, Fontana, London, 1994; Adam Roberts, Civil Resistance in the East European and Soviet Revolutions Diarsipkan 2012-12-13 di Wayback Machine., Albert Einstein Institution, Massachusetts, 1991.
^ This is abstracted from the longer definition of "civil resistance" in Adam Roberts, Introduction, in Adam Roberts and Timothy Garton Ash (eds.), Civil Resistance and Power Politics: The Experience of Non-violent Action from Gandhi to the Present, Oxford University Press, 2009, pp. 2–3. See also the short definition in Gene Sharp, Sharp's Dictionary of Power and Struggle: Language of Civil Resistance in Conflicts Diarsipkan 11 October 2017 di Wayback Machine., Oxford University Press, New York, 2011, p. 87.
^ See e.g. the report by Peter Ackerman, Adrian Karatnycky and others, How Freedom is Won. From Civil Resistance to Durable Democracy, Freedom House, New York, 2005 [1] Diarsipkan 27 May 2006 di Wayback Machine.

[1] Examples of the use of the term "civil resistance" include Erica Chenoweth and Maria J. Stephan, Why Civil Resistance Works: The Strategic Logic of Nonviolent Conflict, Columbia University Press, New York, 2011; Howard Clark, Civil Resistance in Kosovo, Pluto Press, London, 2000; Sharon Erickson Nepstad, Nonviolent Revolution: Civil Resistance in the Late 20th Century Diarsipkan 20 October 2012 di Wayback Machine., Oxford University Press, New York, 2011; Michael Randle, Civil Resistance, Fontana, London, 1994; Adam Roberts, Civil Resistance in the East European and Soviet Revolutions Diarsipkan 2012-12-13 di Wayback Machine., Albert Einstein Institution, Massachusetts, 1991.

[Roberts-2] This is abstracted from the longer definition of "civil resistance" in Adam Roberts, Introduction, in Adam Roberts and Timothy Garton Ash (eds.), Civil Resistance and Power Politics: The Experience of Non-violent Action from Gandhi to the Present, Oxford University Press, 2009, pp. 2–3. See also the short definition in Gene Sharp, Sharp's Dictionary of Power and Struggle: Language of Civil Resistance in Conflicts Diarsipkan 11 October 2017 di Wayback Machine., Oxford University Press, New York, 2011, p. 87.

[3] See e.g. the report by Peter Ackerman, Adrian Karatnycky and others, How Freedom is Won. From Civil Resistance to Durable Democracy, Freedom House, New York, 2005 [1] Diarsipkan 27 May 2006 di Wayback Machine.

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